OSI Model Reference

// 7 layers · protocols · devices · attack vectors · click to expand

// memory aid — "Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away" (layer 1→7)

PPhysical

DData Link

NNetwork

TTransport

SSession

PPresentation

AApplication

Click any layer to expand protocols, devices, and attack vectors. Layers 7→1 = top-down (sender). Layers 1→7 = bottom-up (receiver).